<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nznistu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Науки о Земле и недропользование</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Earth sciences and subsoil use</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2686-9993</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-7931</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education "Irkutsk National Research Technical University"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21285/2686-9993-2026-49-1-8</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">ERLVOT</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nznistu-468</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сравнительная оценка информативности спутниковых данных и данных с беспилотных летательных аппаратов при решении задач картирования оползневой опасности</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Comparative assessment of satellite and unmanned aerial vehicles data for landslide susceptibility mapping</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5978-7869</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гантимурова</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gantimurova</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гантимурова Светлана Анатольевна, младший научный сотрудник департамента геоинформатики, институт «Сибирская школа геонаук»</p><p>г. Иркутск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana A. Gantimurova, Junior Researcher of the Geoinformatics Department, Siberian School of Geosciences</p><p>Irkutsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lanagant@geo.istu.edu</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3733-2140</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Паршин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Parshin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Паршин Александр Вадимович, кандидат геолого-минералогических наук, проректор по геологии, наукам о Земле и окружающей среде; старший научный сотрудник лаборатории геохимии рудообразования и геохимических методов поисков</p><p>г. Иркутск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander V. Parshin, Cand. Sci. (Geol. &amp; Mineral.), Vice-Rector for Geology, Earth and Environmental Sciences; Senior Researcher of the Laboratory of Geochemistry of Ore Formation and Geochemical Prospecting Methods</p><p>Irkutsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sarhin@geo.istu.edu</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5584-5885</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хуан</surname><given-names>Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хуан Гуаньвэнь, профессор в области геодезии и мониторинга стихийных бедствий, Школа инженерной геологии и геоматики</p><p>г. Сиань</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Guanwen Huang, Professor in Geodesy and Disaster Monitoring, School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics</p><p>Xi’an</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">guanwen@chd.edu.cn</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1531-2192</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ли</surname><given-names>Ц.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Li</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ли Цзюньюань, доктор наук в области гидрогеологии, Школа водных ресурсов и окружающей среды</p><p>г. Сиань</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junyuan Li, PhD (Hydrogeology), School of Water and Environment</p><p>Xi’an</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ljy@chd.edu.cn</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1796-1962</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цзин</surname><given-names>Ц.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Jing</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Цзин Це, доктор наук в области геодезии и мониторинга стихийных бедствий, Школа инженерной геологии и геоматики</p><p>г. Сиань</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ce Jing, PhD (Geodesy and Disaster Monitoring), School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics</p><p>Xi’an</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">jingce@chd.edu.cn</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7318-2429</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Залуцкий</surname><given-names>В. Т.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zalutskii</surname><given-names>V. T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Залуцкий Вячеслав Трофимович, кандидат технических наук, заведующий лабораторией цифровой геодезии, институт «Сибирская школа геонаук»</p><p>г. Иркутск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vyacheslav T. Zalutskii, Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Head of the Laboratory of Digital Geodesy, Siberian School of Geosciences</p><p>Irkutsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zalutskyvt@istu.edu</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Иркутский национальный исследовательский технический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Irkutsk National Research Technical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Иркутский национальный исследовательский технический университет; Институт геохимии им. А.П. Виноградова Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Irkutsk National Research Technical University; A.P. Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Чанъаньский университет</institution><country>Китай</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Chang’an University</institution><country>China</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>49</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>96</fpage><lpage>110</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гантимурова С.А., Паршин А.В., Хуан Г., Ли Ц., Цзин Ц., Залуцкий В.Т., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гантимурова С.А., Паршин А.В., Хуан Г., Ли Ц., Цзин Ц., Залуцкий В.Т.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gantimurova S.A., Parshin A.V., Huang G., Li J., Jing C., Zalutskii V.T.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nznj.ru/jour/article/view/468">https://www.nznj.ru/jour/article/view/468</self-uri><abstract><p>Использование методов дистанционного зондирования Земли позволяет быстро изучать большие по площади и труднодоступные территории, в пределах которых могут происходить опасные гравитационные геологические процессы (оползни, камнепады). Картирование оползневых зон на основе спутниковых данных в региональном масштабе на сегодняшний день уже хорошо развито на практике. В последние десятилетия стремительно развиваются теория и практика применения технологий беспилотных летательных аппаратов для дистанционного зондирования Земли. В обоих случаях для анализа георисков используются мультиспектральные данные и цифровые модели рельефа. Целью данного исследования является сравнительный анализ результатов картирования оползневой опасности, полученных на основе общедоступных спутниковых данных и данных с беспилотных летательных аппаратов, и выявление преимуществ и ограничений обеих методик. Ключевые предикторы (углы уклона склонов, профильная кривизна, нормализованный относительный индекс растительности, индекс влажности и коэффициент длины-уклона) для спутниковых данных были получены из цифровых моделей рельефа ALOS AW3D30 и данных Sentinel-2. Данные с беспилотных летательных аппаратов были получены фотограмметрическим методом с помощью мультиспектральных фотокамер. Для определения весов факторов применялся метод аналитической иерархии через попарные сравнения. Средствами QGIS построены карты рисков оползневых процессов для одного и того же участка территории. Сравнительный анализ наглядно показал, как различие в разрешении входных данных и методике съемок влияет на прогностическую ценность результатов. Основной вывод: из-за генерализации по разрешению (в случае спутниковых съемок) небольшие неустойчивые скальные блоки могут либо искусственно увеличивать уязвимость прилегающих склонов, либо оставаться полностью незамеченными. В то же время показано, что данные высокого разрешения с беспилотных летательных аппаратов не заменяют данные спутниковых дистанционных зондирований Земли, а дополняют их, методы служат разным пространственным масштабам работ и исследовательским задачам. Результаты подтверждают, что спутниковые данные и данные с беспилотных летательных аппаратов должны быть комплементарны. Спутниковые данные подходят для регионального картирования модели поверхности земли (Landslide Susceptibility Mapping), а данные с беспилотных летательных аппаратов необходимы для детальных исследований отдельных участков, выделенных по спутниковым данным. Рекомендуется гибридная методология: космические данные – для первичного зонирования опасных зон, а беспилотные летательные аппараты – для детального изучения опасных участков.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Remote sensing methods enable the rapid study of large, hard-to-reach areas prone to hazardous gravitational geological processes (landslides, rockfalls). Regional mapping of high-risk landslide areas based on satellite remote sensing data is already well-developed. In recent decades, the theory and practice of using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technologies for remote sensing have rapidly evolved. In both cases, multispectral survey data and digital elevation models are used to analyze geological risks. The purpose of the presented research is to compare the results of landslide susceptibility mapping based on available satellite data and unmanned aerial vehicles data and to identify the advantages and limitations of both methods. The key predictors for satellite data (slope angles, profile curvature, normalized difference vegetation index, wetness index and length-slope factor) were derived from ALOS AW3D30 digital evaluation models and Sentinel-2 data. Unmanned aerial vehicle data were obtained using a photogrammetric method with multispectral cameras. To determine the weights of factors, the analytical hierarchy process was used through pairwise comparisons. Landslide susceptibility maps were generated for the same area using QGIS. The comparative analysis has clearly demonstrated how differences in input data resolution and survey methodology impact the predictive value of the results. The major finding is that due to resolution generalization (in the case of satellite imagery) small, unstable rock blocks can artificially increase the vulnerability of adjacent slopes, on the other hand, some small, but hazardous rocks can remain completely unnoticed. At the same time, it is shown that high-resolution data from unmanned aerial vehicles do not replace satellite remote sensing data, but rather complement it. The methods serve different spatial scales and research objectives. The results confirm that satellite data and data from unmanned aerial vehicles should be complementary. Satellite data are suitable for regional landslide susceptibility mapping, while data from unmanned aerial vehicles are essential for detailed studies of individual areas identified using satellite data. Therefore, a hybrid methodology is recommended: satellite data for the initial zoning of hazardous areas, and data from unmanned aerial vehicles for the detailed study of hazardous areas.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>картирование оползневой опасности</kwd><kwd>спутниковое дистанционное зондирование Земли</kwd><kwd>беспилотный летательный аппарат</kwd><kwd>дистанционное зондирование Земли</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>landslide susceptibility mapping</kwd><kwd>satellite remote sensing</kwd><kwd>unmanned aerial vehicle</kwd><kwd>remote sensing</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ado M., Amitab K., Maji A.K., Jasińska E., Gono R., Leonowicz Z., et al. Landslide susceptibility mapping using machine learning: a literature survey // Remote Sensing. 2022. Vol. 14. Iss. 13. Р. 3029. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14133029. EDN: WPDGQC.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ado M., Amitab K., Maji A.K., Jasińska E., Gono R., Leonowicz Z., et al. Landslide susceptibility mapping using machine learning: a literature survey. Remote Sensing. 2022;14(13):3029. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14133029. EDN: WPDGQC.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarkar S., Kanungo D. An integrated approach for landslide susceptibility mapping using remote sensing and GIS // Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 2004. Vol. 70. Iss. 5. Р. 617–625. https://doi.org/10.14358/PERS.70.5.617.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarkar S., Kanungo D. An integrated approach for landslide susceptibility mapping using remote sensing and GIS. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 2004;70(5):617-625. https://doi.org/10.14358/PERS.70.5.617.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gantimurova S., Parshin A., Erofeev V. GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping of the Circum-Baikal railway in Russia using UAV data // Remote Sensing. 2021. Vol. 13. Iss. 18. C. 3629. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183629. EDN: RHIFUT.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gantimurova S., Parshin A., Erofeev V. GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping of the Circum-Baikal railway in Russia using UAV data. Remote Sensing. 2021;13(18):3629. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183629. EDN: RHIFUT.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Casagli N., Frodella W., Morelli S., Tofani V., Ciampalini A., Intrieri E., et al. Spaceborne, UAV and ground-based remote sensing techniques for landslide mapping, monitoring and early warning // Geoenvironmental Disasters. 2017. Vol. 4. Iss. 1. Р. 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40677-017-0073-1. EDN: XBSOCI.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Casagli N., Frodella W., Morelli S., Tofani V., Ciampalini A., Intrieri E., et al. Spaceborne, UAV and ground-based remote sensing techniques for landslide mapping, monitoring and early warning. Geoenvironmental Disasters. 2017;4(1):1-23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40677-017-0073-1. EDN: XBSOCI.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rossi G., Tanteri L., Tofani V., Vannocci P., Moretti S., Casagli N. Multitemporal UAV surveys for landslide mapping and characterization // Landslides. 2018. Vol. 15. Iss. 5. Р. 1045–1052. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-0978-0. EDN: KNTROI.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rossi G., Tanteri L., Tofani V., Vannocci P., Moretti S., Casagli N. Multitemporal UAV surveys for landslide mapping and characterization. Landslides. 2018;15(5):1045-1052. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-0978-0. EDN: KNTROI.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghorbanzadeh O., Didehban K., Rasouli H., Kamran K.V., Feizizadeh B., Blaschke T. An application of Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, and GNSS data for landslide susceptibility mapping // ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2020. Vol. 9. Iss. 10. Р. 561. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9100561. EDN: IASVNL.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghorbanzadeh O., Didehban K., Rasouli H., Kamran K.V., Feizizadeh B., Blaschke T. An application of Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, and GNSS data for landslide susceptibility mapping. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2020;9(10):561. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9100561. EDN: IASVNL.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kyriou A., Nikolakopoulos K. Assessing the suitability of Sentinel-1 data for landslide mapping // European Journal of Remote Sensing. 2018. Vol. 51. Iss. 1. Р. 402–411. https://doi.org/10.1080/22797254.2018.1444944.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kyriou A., Nikolakopoulos K. Assessing the suitability of Sentinel-1 data for landslide mapping. European Journal of Remote Sensing. 2018;51(1):402-411. https://doi.org/10.1080/22797254.2018.1444944.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lu P., Shi W., Wang Q., Li Z., Qin Y., Fan X. Co-seismic landslide mapping using Sentinel-2 10-m fused NIR narrow, red-edge, and SWIR bands // Landslides. 2021. Vol. 18. Iss. 6. Р. 2017–2037. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01636-2. EDN: HYQURY.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lu P., Shi W., Wang Q., Li Z., Qin Y., Fan X. Co-seismic landslide mapping using Sentinel-2 10-m fused NIR narrow, red-edge, and SWIR bands. Landslides. 2021;18(6):2017-2037. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01636-2. EDN: HYQURY.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Novellino A., Pennington C., Leeming K., Taylor S., Alvarez I.G., McAllister E., et al. Mapping landslides from space: a review // Landslides. 2024. Vol. 21. Iss. 5. Р. 1041–1052. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-024-02215-x. EDN: URVNZQ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Novellino A., Pennington C., Leeming K., Taylor S., Alvarez I.G., McAllister E., et al. Mapping landslides from space: a review. Landslides. 2024;21(5):1041-1052. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-024-02215-x. EDN: URVNZQ.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Uuemaa E., Ahi S., Montibeller B., Muru M., Kmoch A. Vertical accuracy of freely available global digital elevation models (ASTER, AW3D30, MERIT, TanDEM-X, SRTM, and NASADEM) // Remote Sensing. 2020. Vol. 12. Iss. 21. Р. 3482. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12213482. EDN: BPXCMY.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uuemaa E., Ahi S., Montibeller B., Muru M., Kmoch A. Vertical accuracy of freely available global digital elevation models (ASTER, AW3D30, MERIT, TanDEM-X, SRTM, and NASADEM). Remote Sensing. 2020;12(21):3482. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12213482. EDN: BPXCMY.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">González-Moradas M.R., Viveen W., Vidal-Villalobos R.A., Villegas-Lanza J.C. A performance comparison of SRTM v. 3.0, AW3D30, ASTER GDEM3, Copernicus and TanDEM-X for tectonogeomorphic analysis in the South American Andes // Catena. 2023. Vol. 228. Iss. 3. Р. 107160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2023.107160. EDN: OHTWNG.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">González-Moradas M.R., Viveen W., Vidal-Villalobos R.A., Villegas-Lanza J.C. A performance comparison of SRTM v. 3.0, AW3D30, ASTER GDEM3, Copernicus and TanDEM-X for tectonogeomorphic analysis in the South American Andes. Catena. 2023;228(3):107160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2023.107160. EDN: OHTWNG.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun J., Yuan G., Song L., Zhang H. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in landslide investigation and monitoring: a review // Drones. 2024. Vol. 8. Iss. 1. Р. 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones8010030. EDN: ZURRVW.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun J., Yuan G., Song L., Zhang H. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in landslide investigation and monitoring: a review. Drones. 2024;8(1):30. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones8010030. EDN: ZURRVW.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sozzi M., Kayad A., Gobbo S., Cogato A., Sartori L., Marinello F. Economic comparison of satellite, plane and UAV-acquired NDVI images for site-specific nitrogen application: observations from Italy // Agronomy. 2021. Vol. 11. Iss. 11. Р. 2098. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112098. EDN: UYXWMG.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sozzi M., Kayad A., Gobbo S., Cogato A., Sartori L., Marinello F. Economic comparison of satellite, plane and uav-acquired NDVI images for site-specific nitrogen application: observations from Italy. Agronomy. 2021;11(11):2098. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112098. EDN: UYXWMG.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абрамова З.В., Литвинцева З.О. Картографирование современных экзогенных процессов центральной экологической зоны Байкальской природной территории // Известия Иркутского государственного университета. Серия: Науки о Земле. 2023. T. 44. C. 3–17. https://doi.org/10.26516/2073-3402.2023.44.3. EDN: YNLLHJ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abramova Z.V., Litvintseva Z.O. Mapping of modern exogenous processes of the central ecological zone of the Baikal natural territory. The Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series: Earth Sciences. 2023;44:3-17. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.26516/2073-3402.2023.44.3. EDN: YNLLHJ.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chandra N., Elizabath, Choudhury S., Vaidya H. Integrated spatial landslide risk assessment for population and infrastructure in Tehri, Garhwal Himalayas, India // Geological Journal. 2026. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.70251.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chandra N., Elizabath, Choudhury S., Vaidya H. Integrated spatial landslide risk assessment for population and infrastructure in Tehri, Garhwal Himalayas, India. Geological Journal. 2026. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.70251.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Das M., Gautam G.K., Jain S., Bhat M.F., Mankar A.K., Koner R. A comparative analysis of AHP, FR, AHP‐FR and LR models for landslide susceptibility mapping in Sikkim Himalaya, India // Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 2026. Vol. 51. Iss. 2. Р. e70257. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70257.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Das M., Gautam G.K., Jain S., Bhat M.F., Mankar A.K., Koner R. A comparative analysis of AHP, FR, AHP‐FR and LR models for landslide susceptibility mapping in Sikkim Himalaya, India. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 2026;51(2):e70257. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70257.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sisay T., Tesfaye G., Jothimani M., Reda T.M., Tadese A. Landslide susceptibility mapping using combined geospatial, FR and AHP models: a case study from Ethiopia’s highlands // Discover Sustainability. 2024. Vol. 5. Iss. 1. Р. 474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-024-00730-4. EDN: QFZAIK.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sisay T., Tesfaye G., Jothimani M., Reda T.M., Tadese A. Landslide susceptibility mapping using combined geospatial, FR and AHP models: a case study from Ethiopia’s highlands. Discover Sustainability. 2024;5(1):474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-024-00730-4. EDN: QFZAIK.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sutawane S., Mitra S. Landslide susceptibility analysis for Irshalwadi, Maharashtra by using analytical hierarchy process on satellite image // Urbanisation and climate change: strategies for sustainable cities through geospatial technologies: 18th DGSI International conference. Hyderabad: Osmania University, 2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sutawane S., Mitra S. Landslide susceptibility analysis for Irshalwadi, Maharashtra by using analytical hierarchy process on satellite image. In: Urbanisation and climate change: strategies for sustainable cities through geospatial technologies: 18th DGSI International conference. Hyderabad: Osmania University; 2023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mohd M.H., Azman F.N.U.Z., Jusoh A., Rahman M.A.A. Landslide susceptibility mapping at Lebir and Galas River Basins after extreme flood event using weights of evidence // Journal of Sustainability Science and Management. 2019. Vol. 14. Iss. 2. Р. 103–115.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mohd M.H., Azman F.N.U.Z., Jusoh A., Rahman M.A.A. Landslide susceptibility mapping at Lebir and Galas River Basins after extreme flood event using weights of evidence. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management. 2019;14(2):103-115.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou Y., Qi S.-C., Fan G., Chen M.-L., Zhou J.-W. Topographic effects on three-dimensional slope stability for fluctuating water conditions using numerical analysis // Water. 2020. Vol. 12. Iss. 2. Р. 615. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020615. EDN: CICDCT.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou Y., Qi S.-C., Fan G., Chen M.-L., Zhou J.-W. Topographic effects on three-dimensional slope stability for fluctuating water conditions using numerical analysis. Water. 2020;12(2):615. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020615. EDN: CICDCT.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schmidt S., Tresch S., Meusburger K. Modification of the RUSLE slope length and steepness factor (LS-factor) based on rainfall experiments at steep alpine grasslands // MethodsX. 2019. Vol. 6. Р. 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2019.01.004. EDN: QIUVXR.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmidt S., Tresch S., Meusburger K. Modification of the RUSLE slope length and steepness factor (LS-factor) based on rainfall experiments at steep alpine grasslands. MethodsX. 2019;6:219-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2019.01.004. EDN: QIUVXR.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kalsnes B., Capobianco V. Use of vegetation for landslide risk mitigation // Climate adaptation modelling. Cham: Springer, 2022. Р. 77–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86211-4_10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalsnes B., Capobianco V. Use of vegetation for landslide risk mitigation. Climate adaptation modelling. Cham: Springer; 2022, р. 77-85. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86211-4_10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gantimurova S., Parshin A. Combined methodology for rockfall susceptibility mapping using UAV imagery data // Remote Sensing. 2024. Vol. 16. Iss. 1. Р. 177. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16010177. EDN: PIEXRI.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gantimurova S., Parshin A. Combined methodology for rockfall susceptibility mapping using UAV imagery data. Remote Sensing. 2024;16(1):177. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16010177. EDN: PIEXRI.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
