Hydrodynamic and hydrostatic forces as factors affecting tailing dump stability

The study of the processes occurring deep in the earth's crust has always been a relevant research topic. The results of these studies allowed development and safe mining of mineral deposits in various conditions. The growth in the consumption of extracted resource and the increase in the scale of mining are forcing enterprises to search for the solutions to complex engineering and technical problems, one of which is the problem of displacement of rock masses and the earth's surface in industrial production-affected areas including tailings dams. The purpose of this study is to improve the operation safety of tailing dams. The object of the study is embankment dams of dressing plant tailing dumps. The subject of the study is deformation processes occurring in dam bodies and slope surfaces. The main research methods used in the work are: the study of safe operation methods for tailing dams based on the operating conditions of Uchalinskoye tailing dump using the modern methods of stability assessment, analysis and generalization of domestic and foreign experience, as well as the study of current methods of geomechanical monitoring of deformation processes – engineering and geological, geophysical, mine surveying and hydrogeological ones. The article describes geographic, hydrographic, climatic, geological and mining operation conditions of the tailing dump of Uchalinsky GOK (Ore Mining and Processing Plant) JSC. The influence of hydrodynamic and hydrostatic forces on embankment tailing dam stability is substantiated. Based on the data obtained and the research methods used, it is concluded that hydrodynamic and hydrostatic forces are fundamental destructive factors affecting dams. The results of these studies can be applied at the design stage of hydraulic structures, since they will supplement theoretical knowledge about the impact of liquid waste on the safety of tailing dams and earth-filled dams, as well as allow detecting deformation processes at their initial development stage and making decisions on their elimination.

1. Klyuev NN. Russia’s natural-resource sphere and trends in its development. Vestnik Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. 2015;7:579–592. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.7868/S0869587315050035

2. Klyuev NN. Russian natural-resource complex: the trajectory of unsustainable development. Izvestiya Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. Seriya geograficheskaya. 2014;5:7–22. (In Russ.)

3. Mezhelovsky NV, Monastyrnyh OS, Buchkin MN, Vilkovich RV, Kilipko VA, Mishin SA. Investment analysis of a mineral-raw-material base reproduction of Russia. Razvedka i okhrana nedr = Prospect and protection of mineral resources. 2012;2:90–102. (In Russ.)

4. Shelkunova TG. Features of realization of innovative projects in the Russian mining industry. Ekonomika v promyshlennosti = Russian Journal of Industrial Economics. 2015;4:32–38. (In Russ.)

5. Orlov VP. Mineral resources and geopolitics. Mineral'nye resursy Rossii. Ekonomika i upravlenie. 2011;2:23–26. (In Russ.)

6. Tolstykh NI. Issues of legal regulation of subsoil use when developing common mineral deposits. Nedropol'zovanie XXI vek. 2007;6:2–7. (In Russ.)

7. Aleksandrova VI. Modeling and GIS-technologies. Gornyi informatsionno-analiticheskii byulleten' (nauchnotekhnicheskii zhurnal) = Mining informational and analytical bulletin (scientific and technical journal). 2011;S6:34–44. (In Russ.)

8. Pigareva TA, Abakumov EV. Biological parameters of soil and anthropogenic substrates of tailing damps of an iron ore mine. Teoreticheskaya i prikladnaya ekologiya = Theoretical and Applied Ecology. 2015;1:28–33. (In Russ.)

9. Kalashnik NA. Computer modeling of an earth-fill dam as a prototype of an embanking tailings dam. Mezhdunarodnyi nauchno-issledovatel'skii zhurnal = International Research Journal. 2012;4:54–55. (In Russ.)

10. De Carvalho DW. The ore tailings dam rupture disaster in Mariana, Brazil 2015: what we have to learn from anthropogenic disasters. Natural Resources Journal. 2019;59(2):281–300.

11. De Carvalho DW. The brumadinho dam rupture disaster, Brazil 2019: analysis of the narratives about a disaster from the perspective of disaster law. Revista de Estudos Constitucionais, Hermeneutica e Teoria do Direito. 2020;12(2):227–238. https://doi.org/10.4013/rechtd.2020.122.04

12. Stanwick PA, Stanwick SD. The vale Brazilian dam collapse: an ethical and engineering disaster. American Journal of Sciences and Engineering Research. 2019;2(6):6–11.

13. Kossoff D, Dubbin WE, Alfredsson M, Edwards SJ, Macklin MG, Hudson-Edwards KA. Mine tailing dams: characteristics, failure, environmental impacts, and remediation. Applied Geochemistry. 2014;51:229–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.09.010

14. Burenkova VV, Burenkov PM. Domestic experience of assessing the filtration strength of non-cohesive soils of dam body and base. Prirodoobustroistvo. 2020;4: 84–91. (In Russ.)

15. Sainov MP, Chechetkin IP. Crack resistance of embankment dam core with consideration of pore pressure. Vestnik Evraziiskoi nauki = The Eurasian Scientific Journal. 2020;4. Available from: https://esj.today/PDF/09SAVN420.pdf [Accessed 11th November 2020]. (In Russ.)

16. Kalashnik AI, Kalashnik NA, Zaporozhets DV. Evaluation of bulk earth structure on morainic foundation. Uchenye zapiski Petrozavodskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta = Proceedings of Petrozavodsk State University. 2014;6:93–98. (In Russ.)

17. Potapov IA, Shimenkova AA, Potapov AD. Dependence of suffosion stability of sandy soils of various geneses on the type of filtrate. Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo stroitel'nogo universiteta. 2012;5:79–86. (In Russ.)

18. Kasharin DV, Thai Thi Kim Chi. Increasing stability of flexible dam-foundations in engineering protection of buildings from flooding. Inzhenerno-stroitel'nyi zhurnal = Magazing of Civil Engineering. 2013;4:51–59. (In Russ.)

19. Maksimov D.A. Mechanisms of negative influence of local filtration stability disturbances on the made ground hydrotechnical facilities reliability. Problemy nedropol'zovaniya. 2018;2:90–97. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.25635/2313-1586.2018.02.090

20. Yurkevich NV, Yurkevich NV, Gureyev VN, Mazov NA. Problems of controlling water filtration in hydraulic structures in permafrost regions. Izvestiya tomskogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Inzhiniring georesursov = Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Assets Engineering. 2020;331(4):126–138. (In Russ.)

21. Kolosov MA, Belyakov PV. Erosion of ground fill dams during spring floodings. 27-e plenarnoe Mezhvuzovskoe koordinatsionnoe soveshchanie po probleme erozionnykh, ruslovykh i ust'evykh protsessov: materialy konferentsii = 27th plenary Interuniversity coordination meeting on the problem of erosion, channel and estuarine processes: conference proceedings. Izhevsk; 2012. p.136– 138. (In Russ.)

22. Kozionov AP, Pyayt AL, Mokhov II, Ivanov UP. Algorithm for dike abnormal behavior detection based on transfer function model and one-class classification. Informatsionno-upravlyayushchie sistemy = Information and Control Systems. 2015;6:10–18. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.15217/issn1684-8853.2015.6.10

23. Kosichenko YM. Investigations of filtration control and operational reliability for earth hydraulic structures. Nauchnyi zhurnal Rossiiskogo nauchno-issledovatel'skogo instituta problem melioratsii = Scientific Journal of Russian Scientific Research Institute of Land Improvement Problems. 2012;2. Available from: http://www.rosniipmsm.ru/dl_files/udb_files/udb4-rec574-field12.pdf [Accessed 11th November 2020]. (In Russ.)

24. Sheshukov EG, Kurtseva KP. Numerical study of boundary value problems of nonlinear filtration. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Problemy energetiki = Power engineering: research, equipment, technology. 2012;9-10:158–166. (In Russ.)

25. Davlatshoev SK. Hydrogeochemical monitoring at the dam base on water-soluble rocks. Tinchurinskie chteniya: XIV Mezhdunarodnaya molodezhnaya nauchnaya konfe-rentsiya = Tinchurin readings: 14th International youth scientific conference. Kazan; 2019. p.203–207. (In Russ.)

26. Popelsky P, Dabska A. Numerical model of suffusion. Izvestiya Vserossiiskogo nauchno-issledovatel'skogo instituta gidrotekhniki im. V.E. Vedeneeva. 2014;271:23–33. (In Russ.)

27. Vasil'eva YeV, Yakovenko YeA. Improving dams and dikes safety. Nauchnyi zhurnal Rossiiskogo nauchnoissledovatel'skogo instituta problem melioratsii = Scientific Journal of Russian Scientific Research Institute of Land Improvement Problems. 2017;4. Available from: http://www.rosniipm-sm.ru/dl_files/udb_files/udb4-rec340-field12.pdf [Accessed 11th November 2020]. (In Russ.)

28. Baklanova DV. Calculating filtration through earth dams at permeable foundation. Nauchnyi zhurnal Rossiiskogo nauchno-issledovatel'skogo instituta problem melioratsii = Scientific Journal of Russian Scientific Research Institute of Land Improvement Problems. 2016;1. Available from: http://www.rosniipm-sm.ru/dl_files/udb_files/udb13-rec402-field6.pdf [Accessed 11th November 2020]. (In Russ.)

29. Baklanova DV. The calculated substantiation of the destruction probability of potentially dangerous parts of a large canal resulted from filtration impacts. Prirodoobustroistvo. 2013;2:43–48. (In Russ.)

30. Kalashnik NA. Assessment of reliability of a bulk soil dam during formation of an increased filtration zone in its body. Vestnik Kol'skogo nauchnogo tsentra Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. 2019;11(2):69–74. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.25702/KSC.2307-5228.2019.11.2.69-74

31. Khayrulina EА. Influence of slurry storage facility with salt-bearing wastes on the surface and ground waters. Geograficheskii vestnik = Geographical bulletin. 2018;2: 145–155. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17072/2079-7877-2018-2-145-155

32. Zhilenkov VN, Khalenova ML. On some means of seepage strength of embankment dams exposed to external freezing. Izvestiya Vserossiiskogo nauchno-issledovatel'skogo instituta gidrotekhniki im. B.E. Vedeneeva. 2013;269:40–51. (In Russ.)

33. Ivanov DV, Davletzyanov II, Malanin VV. Comparative analysis of filtration methods in determining the concentrations of dissolved forms of metals in natural and waste waters. Rossiiskii zhurnal prikladnoi ekologii = Russian Journal of Applied Ecology. 2020;3:17–22. (In Russ.)

34. Pavlov SKh, Orgilynov AI, Badminov PS, Krjukova IG. The filtration leakage from ash dumps and their interaction with the geological environment. Izvestiya Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya “Nauki o zemle” = The bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series “Earth Sciences”. 2014;7:100–115. (In Russ.)

35. Lyubimova TV, Latysh AA. Dynamics of changes in the ground water level in the area of underground dams. Geologiya, geografiya i global'naya energiya = Geology, geography and global energy. 2020;4:84–88. (In Russ.)

36. Bal'zannikov MI, Rodionov MV. Downstream side soil dams allowing flood water flow. Vestnik Volzhskogo regional'nogo otdeleniya Rossiiskoi akademii arkhitektury i stroitel'nykh nauk. 2012;15:99–104. (In Russ.)

37. Kruglov GG, Linkevich NN, Nemerovets OV. Filtration bypassing retaining hydraulic structures. Nauka i tekhnika = Science & Technique. 2020;19(3):252–257. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2020-19-3-252-257

38. Dyakonova TA, Pisarev AV, Khoperskov AV, Khrapov SS. Mathematical model of surface water dynamics. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya 1: Matematika. Fizika = Science Journal of Volgograd State University. Mathematics. Physics. 2014;1:35– 45. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu1.2014.1.4

39. Kuznetsov DV. Scenario of an accident of soil dams in case of water spill over a dam crest by using fault tree analysis. Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo stroitel'nogo universiteta. 2016;4:94–107. (In Russ.)

40. Pryakhina G.V., Boronina A.S., Popov S.V., Rasputina V.A., Voinarovskii A.E. Physical modelling of the destruction of reservoir ground dam in consequence of the overflow of water body. Izvestiya Russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva. 2019;151(2):51–63. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.31857/S0869-6071151251-63

41. Dyachenko KN, Zverev AV. Causes of the Flaws Formation in Floodwalls in the Process of their Use in the Conditions of the Far East. Vodnoe khozyaistvo Rossii: problemy, tekhnologii, upravlenie = Water sector of Russia: problems, technologies, management. 2017;6:96–105. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.35567/1999-4508-2017-6-8

42. Stefanyshyn DV, Shtilman VB. Towards assessing the probability of water overflow across the dam crest. Inzhenerno-stroitel'nyi zhurnal = Magazine of Civil Engineering. 2012;9:70–78. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.5862/MCE.35.9

43. Bogoslavchyk PM. Calculation model of soil dam wash-away due to overflow. Nauka i tekhnika = Science & Technique. 2018;17(4):292–296. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2018-17-4-292-296

44. Bogoslavchik PM, Evdokimov VA, Nemerovets OV. Destruction conditions for earth-filled dam downstream side pavement during water overflow over the ridge. Voda. Gaz. Teplo 2020: materialy Mezhdunarodnoi nauchnotekhnicheskoi konferentsii = Water. Gas. Heat 2020: Proceedings of International scientific and technical conference. Minsk; 2020. p.257–260. (In Russ.)