Magmatogenic-hydrothermal formation model of fluid dynamic structures and rare metal brine deposits in Siberian Platform cover

The enormous-scale processes of platform stages of magmatism and paleovolcanic activity on the Siberian Platform are characterized by the effusio of gigantic volumes of basaltic magma, the formation of kimberlite fields, iron, rare earth, and sulfide ores, as well as changes in the localization of hydrocarbon deposits. These processes, initiated by the passage of the craton over the “hotspot” of the giant super-plume encompassed many aspects of the evolution of hydrogeological, including magmatic-hydrothermal, paleosystems in the sedimentary cover of the ancient craton. This paper examines the nature and concept of «fluid–dynamic structure» as part of the magmatic-hydrothermal model of volcanogenic-sedimentary cover evolution using the Angara-Lena artesian basin as an example. The purpose of the study is to substantiate a magmatic-hydrothermal formation model of fluid-dynamic structures and transformation of rare-metal industrial brines in the volcanogenic-sedimentary cover of the Siberian Platform. This study uses archival and up-to-date seismic and electrical exploration data, deep-drilling geotechnical datasets, and hydrogeochemical brine sampling. The authors interpret the subvertical and associated subhorizontal zones of reflection loss observed in seismic sections at a number of sites as fluid-dynamic structures formed during the magmatic and postmagmatic pneumatolytic-hydrothermal stages. The impact of magmatic melts rising into the upper crust through deep crustal faults and areas of increased permeability of the tectonosphere led to the pulsed formation of vapor-dominated fluid pressure systems. According to the authors, the circulation of vapor-hydrothermal fluids through secondary filtration systems led to profound transformations in the hydrogeochemistry of the primary sedimentogenic brines of the sedimentary basin. At the same time, the reservoir rocks were transformed, with the development of high-capacity natural reservoirs driven by hydraulic fracturing, thermolift, and vapor-gas and fumarolic activity.The stages of platform magmatism and post-magmatic processes played a crucial ore-forming and ore-localizing role in the metallogeny and mineral genesis of industrial metal-bearing brines, determined the secondary concentration of the richest «liquid» ore of rare, dispersed elements, and mineral salts, including bromine, alkali metals – lithium, rubidium, cesium, potassium, and compounds with alkaline earth calcium and strontium.  

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