A knowledge graph is becoming popular due to its ability to describe the real world by using a graph language that can be understood by both humans and machines using computer technologies. A case study to construct the knowledge graph of porphyry copper deposits is presented in this paper. First of all, the raw text data is collected and integrated from selected porphyry copper deposits and porphyry-skarn copper deposits in the Qinzhou Bay – Hangzhou Bay metallogenic belt, South China. Second, the text's entities, relations, and attributes are labeled and extracted with reference to the conceptual model of porphyry copper deposits in the study area. The third, a knowledge graph of porphyry copper deposits, was constructed using Neo4j 4.3. The resulted knowledge graph of porphyry copper deposit has the basic functions of an application. Furthermore, as part of a planned integrated knowledge graph from a single deposit, through an upper-geared metallogenic series, to a high-top metallogenic province, the understanding from the present study may be extended to mineral resource prospectivity and assessment beyond today. The interrelationship between the earth system, the metallogenic system, the exploration system, and the prospectivity and assessment (ES-MS-ES-PS) should be completely understood, and a knowledge graph system for ES-MS-ES-PS is needed. The key scientific and technological problems for achieving the ES-MS-ES-PS knowledge graph system are included in the progressively relative system of the domain ontology and knowledge graph of ES-MS-ES-PS, the automatic construction technology of complicated ESMS-ES-PS domain ontology and knowledge graph, the self-evolution and complementary techniques for multi-modal correlation data embedding in the ES-MS-ES-PS knowledge graph, and the knowledge graph, big data mining and artificial intelligence based on ES-resource prospectivity, and assessment theory, and methods.

The Fourth generation industrial age and 5G + intelligent communication in the "Fourth Paradigm of Science" in the 21st century provide a new opportunity for research on the relationship between mining development and environmental protection. This paper is based on the theory of metallogenic geodynamics background, metallogenic process and quantitative evaluation and chooses the Luanchuan district as a case study, using deep-level artificial intelligence mining and three/four-dimensional (3D/4D) multi-disciplinary, multi-parameter and multi-scale modeling technology platform of geoscience big data (including multi-dimensional and multi-scale geological, geophysical, geochemical, hyperspectral and highresolution remote sensing (multi-temporal) and real-time mining data), carrying out the construction of 3D geological model, metallogenic process model and quantitative exploration model from district to deposit scales and the quantitative prediction and evaluation of the regional Mo polymetallic mineral resources, the aim is to realize the dynamic evaluation of highprecision 3D geological (rock, structure, hydrology, soil, etc.) environment protection and comprehensive development and utilization of mineral resources in digital and wisdom mines, it provides scientific information for the sustainable development of mineral resources and mine environment in the study area. The research results are summarized as follows: (1) The geoscience big data related to mineral resource prediction and evaluation of district include mining data such as 3D geological modeling, geophysics interpretation, geochemistry, and remote sensing modeling, which are combined with GeoCube3.0 software. The optimization of deep targets and comprehensive evaluation of mineral resources in Luanchuan district (500 km², 2.5 km deep) have been realized, including 6.5 million tons of Mo, 1.5 million tons of W, and 5 million tons of Pb-Zn-Ag. (2) The 3D geological modeling of geology, mineral deposit, and exploration targeting is related to the mine environment. The data of exploration and mining in the pits of Nannihu – Sandaozhuang – Shangfang deposits and the deep channels of Luotuoshan and Xigou deposits show a poor spatial correlation between the NW-trending porphyryskarn deposits and the ore bodies. The NE-trending faults are usually tensional or tensional-torsional structures formed in the post-metallogenic period, which is the migration pathway of hydrothermal fluid of the related Pb-Zn deposit. There is a risk of groundwater pollution in the high-altitude Pb-Zn mining zones, such as the Lengshui and Bailugou deposits controlled by NE-trending faults are developed outside of porphyry-skarn types of Mo (W) deposits in the Luanchuan area. (3) Construction of mineral resources and environmental assessment and decision-making in intelligent digital mines: 3D geological model is established in large mines and associated with ancient mining caves, pit, and deep roadway engineering in the mining areas to realize reasonable orientation and sustainable development of mining industry. The hyperspectral database is used to construct three-dimensional useful and harmful element models to realize the association of exploration, mining, and mineral processing mineralogy for the recovery of harmful elements (As, Sb, Hg, etc.). 0.5 m resolution Worldview2 images are used to identify the distribution of Fe in the wastewater and slag slurry of important tailings reservoirs, so as to protect surface runoff and soil pollution.

The first prospect evaluation hydrogeological survey of underground mineral thermal waters formed by Khulj hot spring in Bulgan aimag, Mongolia was conducted in 1973. And since then no research has been conducted. However, in 2020–2021, the Governor of Bulgan aimag initiated a hydrogeological exploration study of Khulj spring in order to determine its mineral thermal water resources. The works were funded by the state budget. It was the first time that the mineral thermal water resources of Khulj spring were estimated and classified to the category B in accordance with the degree of geological and hydrogeological study. Conducted exploration works allowed to investigate and specify geological-structural, hydrogeochemical and hydrogeothermal features that determined the formation of the mineral thermal water deposit.

The purpose of the study is to identify the main neotectonic formation features of over-deepened valleys where fresh groundwater is localized. The object and the subject of the study is the Kitoy deposit of drinking groundwater located in the U-shape valley of the Kitoy river, which is composed of constratal alluvium, as well as hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical conditions of the deposit. The study of the over-deepened alluvial dislocation is carried out based on the analysis of the works performed at the Kitoy fresh groundwater deposit for the period from 1956 to 2020. The deposit is located at the southern margin of the Siberian platform within the Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo plain. The article studies the origin of the dislocation formed by the intersection of waves of pitching and subsidence of the Baikal and Sayan directions accompanied by the groundwater localization. The described over-deepened valley is 9-39 m thick. It is represented by boulder-gravelpebble material with sandy aggregate. The average filtration coefficient for the deposit is 122 m/day, the average water permeability coefficient is 3400 m² /day, whereas beyond its limits the indicators decrease. The qualitative composition of groundwater meets the standards, but some areas feature increased mineralization, high content of iron and manganese due to the inflow of groundwater from the underlying Jurassic aquifers. The authors made a generalization on the variations of the effective thickness of the aquifer and analyzed the favorable conditions for the formation of fresh groundwater within the depression structure for the purpose of water supply for drinking and household uses.

One of the largest trap intrusion provinces, Siberian traps, is located in the East-Siberian Platform in Russia. A trap intrusion zone usually has abnormally low reservoir pressures and natural fractures. Consequently, trap drilling is associated with fluid losses that can be catastrophic. The section of trap intrusion is a part of a Ø 174 mm production casing section of the Srednebotuobinskoe field. The basic well design of this section also includes the Osinsky horizon, which features an abnormally high reservoir pressure zone. The latter creates incompatible with drilling conditions environment due to the presence of catastrophic loss zones in traps. Time spent on drilling a trap intrusion zone accounts for up to 30 % of the total well drilling time. The abovementioned geological issues in directional wells become the key topic in solving it. The method to resolve this issue is an integrated approach employing all the technologies and technical facilities aimed at finding a technological solution. First of all, in order to optimize the well construction cycles and reduce the complications, all the wells were classified in three categories as per the type of behavior in trap intrusion. This allowed to work out multi-level activities, that depended on severity of losses and non-operational time spent on drilling through this section. An alternative well design was developed and trialed on several wells, which showed positive results on decreasing non-productive timing. The main concept of this design was significantly different from the basic well design that was used in the past on the Srednebotuobinskoe field. The main difference was isolation of traps from the high pressure Osinsky horizon lower section with a Ø 245 mm casing string, which allowed safe splitting of two incompatible drilling zones. The economic effect of this solution allowed saving of up to 10.4 days or 15 % of the construction time in the wells of first category. These results were reviewed at the Technical Committee of the Company and agreed to implement the alternative well design on first category wells on the Srednebotuobinskoe field. In addition, for the rest of well categories the Drilling Team has produced and successfully implemented the preventative measures that allowed drilling through traps with lost circulation material. It is worth to mention that this method assumed a by-passing mud-cleaning system on the rig to allow building up a solid phase thus stemming the losses while drilling. For all the categories of the wells the Drilling team has selected and trialed different types and designs of drilling bits that would allow drilling hard rock such as dolerite section in traps with minimal number of runs. For the last five years the Drilling team together with the bit producing companies have designed a new type of PDC cutters that would allow to enhance durability as well as improve drilling speed both in dolerite formations and in overlying formations in the Production casing section. The Drilling team has also managed to reduce the number of trips associated with early bit wear decreasing them from five to two runs and create an experimental basis for drilling the entire section of the production casing in one run. From 2019 team continue looking for further solutions that would allow to improve bottomhole assembly elements balancing between durability and drilling rate in different types of formations above and below traps. A range of proposed technological solutions significantly reduced the impact on the well construction performance by preventing and reducing the downhole losses events in the section of trap intrusion on the Srednebotuobinskoe field.

The purpose of this study is to present a number of aspects in the modern concept of computer-aided dynamic modal control of unmanned quarry vehicles in open pit mining. In particular, the software and hardware module that is a part of the “Smart Quarry” global structure deals with the conditions of matching a form of specific current trajectories (their deviation to the left or right of the nominal axial trajectory) to information “trajectory” chirp signals. The study employs the methods of wavelet transforms to convert one-dimensional signals that generate unmanned vehicle current trajectories into the time-frequency distributions of Cohen’s class. The formation of unmanned vehicle current trajectories under their deviation to the left / right from the nominal axial trajectory on straight and curved routes is considered schematically. It is noted that the tracking of unmanned current trajectories on quarry routes is carried out taking into account the nature of trajectory signals. The difference between the introduced dynamic modal control of the unmanned vehicle and the static one is formulated. Some fragments displaying 1D-signals in a wavelet medium are introduced into the autonomous and external control subsystems. The computer-aided control system uses such elements of the wavelet transforms technique as Gabor wavelet functions, the wavelet matching pursuit algorithm, and Cohen’s class time-frequency distributions. The research results in formulating the criteria for forming the unmanned vehicle current trajectories by the control system in the form of its reactions to sporadic disturbances caused by the occurrence of static or dynamic obstacles on a route. The algorithm of dynamic modal control of current trajectories has been developed. The concept of forward and reverse transient processes of signals of unmanned vehicle trajectory deviation has been introduced. The estimation procedure of modal controller parameters has been described. The algorithm has been developed for modal controller matrix recalculation, which has the form of the chain of sequentially implemented matrix procedures. It should be noted in conclusion that a computer-aided system for modal control of current trajectory deviation has been developed on the basis of the performed research. It enables to implement the functions of controlling the dynamics of technological and safe movement of unmanned vehicles along the quarry routes in a conflict environment of open pit mining.

The purpose of the study is to describe the first finds of coal-bearing clays and coals in the bottom sediments of the southern basin of Lake Baikal and compare them with terrestrial coal-bearing deposits of the Tankhoy field. Comparative analysis of the lithological composition and colour of bottom sediments and terrestrial sections, as well as the concentration of organic carbon and conducted palynological analysis allowed their correlation. At the lake’s depth of 900 m the authors discovered a coal-bearing strata in situ (st 56), which later was stratigraphically correlated with the terrestrial coalbearing part of the Tankhoy suite. The fragments of coal found in bottom sediments basically along the entire Tankhoy field, especially bedrock coals on the underwater slope in South Baikal up to 1300 m deep prove the distribution of the coal-bearing part of the Tankhoy suite in the sublacustrine part of the lake throughout the entire slope (from 5 to 10 km offshore) and confirm the distribution area of the Tankhoy paleolake over a significant area of the contour of modern southern basin of Lake Baikal. The finds of coal-bearing strata on these and other various sub-bottom depths, i.e. under various pressure and temperature conditions, suggest that coals themselves and coal-bearing mudstones may be a generation facility of secondary microbial methane. This should be taken into account when searching for gas hydrocarbon and gas hydrate accumulations as well as assessing methane cycles in Lake Baikal.

The purpose of the research is to study the gas-dynamic characteristics of deep horizons of the Mir pipe mine field to ensure industrial safety under construction and production resumption at the field. The study is based on the interval field experiments carried out during drilling and subsequent study of the core. The main gas-dynamic parameters of the deep horizons of the field were studied during the drilling of pilot wells that enabled to perform interval determination of the flow rates of formation gases using packers and complex research equipment, gas sampling for the determination of chemical composition of gases, and gas logging. The conducted works resulted in the formulation of the gas-dynamic characteristic of the Tolbachan formation within the mine field of the Mir pipe. Reservoir intervals were identified and the nature of their fluid saturation was determined. The chemical composition of formation gases was clarified and gas release nature and intensity were studied both under drilling and interval testing. The result of the research carried out was identification of zones with different fluid manifestations, as well as comparison of the field under investigation with the previously studied International pipe. The results of the conducted research works will form the basis for performing design forecast calculations, as well as for making the main design decisions under construction of capital mine workings, especially in terms of advanced degassing of the mountain range. Consideration of the zones identified within the Tolbachan formation, which feature different nature of fluid saturation, will allow to take into account and minimize possible adverse factors.

The purpose of the work is to show the manifestation of an induced polarization signal in the transient electromagnetic signal for multi-spacing axial electrical installations depending on the spacing and sizes of the source at different depths of installation for the offshore conditions of sea depth of up to 100 m. The study uses the solution of the direct problem of a transient electromagnetic field for conducting polarizable media with a description of electrical resistivity dispersion by the Cole – Cole formula. Analysis is given to the change in the transient signal ΔU(t), final difference of the transient signal Δ2U(t) and transform P1(t) (ratio of Δ2U(t) to ΔU(t)) depending on multi-spacing installation size. The study involves installations with a source length (a source is a horizontal grounded electrical line AB) from 50 to 500 m, receiver length (receiver is represented by three-electrode electrical lines) from 50 to 500 m, and distance between the centers of the source and receiver (spacing) multiple of the source length: (3/2)·AB, 2·AB, (5/2)·AB, 3·AB, (7/2)·AB, 4·AB, (9/2)·AB, 5·AB. Comparison is given to the signals from conductive model and conductive polarizing model. A multi-spacing installation was placed inside a conductive medium with a conductive polarizing base. The conductive medium was associated with the layer of sea water in offshore areas with sea depths of up to 100 m. The conductive polarizing base was represented by a geological formation (ground) covered by a layer of water. Calculations performed as a result of conducted research works show the manifestation of various components of the transient process associated with electromagnetic field formation and manifestation of low-frequency dispersion of the electromagnetic properties of the earth caused by both galvanic and eddy currents. These components manifest themselves in different ways on multi-spacing installations at different depths. Therefore, it could be argued that the components of the transient process associated with the transient electromagnetic field, galvanically induced polarization and inductive induced polarization manifest themselves in different ways in multi-spaced installations of different sizes immersed at different depths. Induced polarization manifests itself in two ways for water area conditions as it is associated with both galvanic and eddy currents. Previously, when performing practical measurements, the manifestation of inductive induced polarization was considered as interference manifestation. But being simulated this signal can be considered as information about induced polarization. The factor influencing the manifestation character of induced polarization signal in the transient signal is the installation height above the bottom Δh and the spacing r. Δh is the distance between the installation and the seafloor, which is a polarizing base of the model. r is the distance between the centers of the source and the meter represented by a three-electrode measuring line. Depending on the installation height and spacing the induced polarization signal in the transform P1(t) can appear as an ascending branch at later times, as well as in the form of a descending branch that turns into negative values of P1.

The problem of processing sands from polymineral placer deposits of the Far Eastern region is a complex technical and technological process. The predominance of high-clay placers with high content of valuable components of small and thin fractions is noted. At the same time the content of fine gold fractions smaller than 0.5 mm reach more than 90 % at some sites with the predominance of fractions smaller than 0.3 mm. The necessity to improve the technologies and technical facilities for processing placer high-clay sands with a high content of fine and nanoscale particles of valuable components is substantiated. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to substantiate approaches to the construction of a phenomenological model for processing of placer high-clay sands by gravitational methods to ensure safety of crystals and reduce the loss of valuable components with reduced energy intensity. On the basis of the proposed exponential dependence of variation of specific interfacial surface of mineral particles on system thermodynamic potential, it has been found out that interdependence of hydraulic fluid efflux and flow rates plays a decisive role in microdesintegration of mineral particles under conditions of turbulization initiated by the jet falling on the flat surface of the cavitation reactor. The calculations performed allowed to estimate the growth of the specific interfacial surface of particles in the intervals of 1.8–3.3 times depending on regulation of hydraulic fluid flow rate, its density and initiation time. Presented mathematical dependencies will allow to control the process when testing cavitation reactor, assess installation quality and operation nature, as well as adjust the design and introduce necessary changes. We propose a general processing scheme for placers with the use of a number of innovative installations of a new type including those based on the combination of turbulence and cavitation at low energy intensity. The impact of hydrodynamic effects initiated by turbulent effects and cavitation on hydraulic fluid of high-clay sands is able to ensure reliable microdesintegration-dispersion and provide a significant reduction in technological losses of valuable components. The study results obtained can be used for further development of theoretical approaches to the description of cavitation processes modeled in proposed installations.

The purpose of the conducted research is to study the regularities of scree formation and assess their impact on self-vegetation of disturbed lands after mining of building stone deposits. The processes of natural formation of scree have been studied, their layering and gravitational alignment have been determined, the factors causing pit bench collapse have been identified. Simulation of the scree formation process allowed to establish the dependence of rock spreading distance on bench height, bench slope angles, as well as on the weight of individual pieces. The slope bench angles with the largest and smallest rock spread distance were found. The simulation showed the influence of the slope bench angles and parameters of the scree formed at the foot of pit benches on the range of debris spread. Three distinct formation stages of scree at the foot of the benches are identified. The angles of transition from one stage of scree formation to another are determined. Recommendations are given to improve the conditions of self-vegetation and minimize the negative factor of scree formation. To form a layer of loose sediments on horizontal bench sites it is proposed to use rocks from scree, which can dramatically reduce the cost of reclamation rather than imported man-made mixture or potentially fertile soils. In order to increase self-vegetation intensity on the flanks of opencasts, it is recommended to increase the bench height and berm width without changing the design angle of the opencast flank slope. To reduce the adverse impact of scree formation on vegetation restoration on the sides at the bench foot, it is proposed to form a trench collecting falling rocks or a rockprotecting wall.

The paper deals with a new opening technology for subglacial reservoirs, which ensures environmentally friendly geological exploration. The technology is based on the results of the first openings of the subglacial Lake Vostok in Antarctica (February 2012 and January 2015). The primary goal of further studies of the subglacial Lake Vostok is to take clean samples of lake water and bottom sediments, which requires direct penetration into the lake. There is a number of conditions to be met in order to conduct further studies of the lake using a clean access well at the Vostok drilling complex. The article summarizes the main results including technological and engineering solutions protected by the patent of the Russian Federation. A detailed consideration is given to a new device for fusion drilling with simultaneous reaming of an ice hole. This device combines two technological processes: drilling due to contact melting, and an increase in the diameter of the well due to the creation of a vortex flow of a continuously heated coolant in the bottomhole zone. The thermal method of ice breaking ensures the ecological cleanliness when opening subglacial reservoirs and is a priority method that favorably differs from the existing ones. The device was named a “thermal drill reamer” (TDR). During the seasonal work of the 64th Russian Antarctic Expedition bench tests of the TDR 132/400 were carried out, the results of which confirmed that the device is capable to ensure 132 mm drilling with simultaneous reaming up to 400 mm.